Eva Frank (1754–1816 or 1817) is one of many early modern Jewish women who overcame gender restrictions to take on influential roles as spiritual guides and teachers, even while society lagged along behind them. Born Rachel Frank, she was the daughter of Jacob (Jakob) Frank (ca. 1726–1791), a controversial and charismatic messianic figure who attracted a significant Jewish following in Eastern Europe. After his death, Eva took over as leader of the Frankists. She changed her name to Eva (Ewa) when the Frank family converted to Catholicism in 1760.
What challenges might Eva have faced as a woman in a position of religious leadership in this period?
How might the fact that Eva was the child of an established community leader have influenced her ability to challenge gender norms?
Is there a greater likelihood that a messianic movement that rejected many norms of traditional Judaism might create new opportunities for women?
The pen-on-paper Tu tournes lentement, an example of surrealist automatic painting, depicts women and fragmented humanoid shapes in dance-like movement. It was drawn by Paul Păun during World War II…
The drumhead of this Phoenician-style terra-cotta figurine from Shikmona (south of Haifa) is recessed, suggesting that the drum had only a single head. Figurines like this are typically found in…
You hold me now completely in your hands
My heart beats like a frightened little bird’s
Against your palm. Take heed! You do not think
A person lives within the page you thumb.
To you this book is…