Gold Medallion with Menorah
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Seal of Raphael ben Samuel
This oval seal, which reads “May God help Raphael ben Samuel,” measures about eight-tenths of an inch (2.03 cm) at its widest point. The text is engraved on dark red carnelian and reflects a Hebrew…
Seal and Letter of Neḥemiah Ga’on
This seal of Neḥemiah ben Kohen Tsedek Ga’on, who headed the Pumbedita academy, located at the time in Baghdad, was affixed to a letter in which Neḥemiah announced his status as the leader of that…
Seal of ’Wrz’dl (Yaḥyā [?] )
This Hebrew seal was discovered during excavations of Nishapur, Iran, in the first half of the twentieth century. It was produced from translucent red carnelian and is typical of Iranian stones of the…
Stone Seal
This square Hebrew stamp measures about one inch (2.54 cm) in height and slightly more than that in width. The back of this seal has a handle, so the bottom can be stamped on letters and other…
Masṭara Ruling Boards
A ruling board, known in Arabic as a masṭara, was used by copyists to make lines on the pages with regular spacing, a feature of professionally produced manuscripts of this period. The boards were…
Seal of Tsemaḥ ben Asah ha-Nasi
This domed carnelian stone seal belonged to Tsemaḥ ben Asah ha-Nasi (“the Prince”). The title marked a claim to Davidic descent, and Tsemaḥ was a leader of the Karaite community in Fustāt (Old Cairo)…