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Laws of Hammurabi on Babylonian Stela, eighteenth century BCE. The stela was originally placed in the temple of the god Marduk in the city of Babylon. Inset shows part of the prologue.
Date:
Bronze Age, 18th Century BCE
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Vassal Treaty of Esarhaddon, King of Assyria (reigned 681–669 BCE). This copy of the treaty was found in the inner sanctum of the Assyrian temple in Tell Tayinat (in southeastern Turkey), where it was…
Date:
Iron Age IIC, 7th Century BCE
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The flood story in the Atrahasis Epic, Babylonia, 17th century BCE. The epic relates the early history of humanity from creation through the flood. Apart from its polytheistic perspective, it has many…
Date:
Middle Bronze Age
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Legal complaint on ostracon, Metsad Hashaviahu, Israel, from the late 7th century BCE. A worker states that a superior took his garment despite the laborer having fulfilled his work requirements…
Places:
Meṣad Hashavyahu, Land of Israel (Yavneh, Israel)
Date:
Late 7th Century BCE
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Uzziah’s reinterment inscription, Jerusalem. King Uzziah (reigned 785–733 BCE) was a leper and therefore, according to the book of Chronicles, could not be buried in the royal tombs and so had to be…
Places:
Jerusalem, Land of Israel (Jerusalem, Israel)
Date:
Roman Period, 1st Century BCE or CE
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The panel shown here is part of an obelisk that contains a long inscription summarizing the triumphs of the Assyrian king Shalmaneser III (r. 858–824 BCE) until the thirty-third year of his reign. The…
Date:
859 BCE–824 BCE
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Born to converso parents and baptized as Manoel Dias Soeiro, Menasseh Ben
Israel moved as a boy with his family to Amsterdam, where
they reverted openly to Judaism. In 1626, he established the first…
Contributor:
Shalom Italia
Places:
Amsterdam, Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (Amsterdam, Netherlands)
Date:
1640–1649
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The Sultan Selim loved the Jews very much, for he realized that with their help he could strike nations and kill mighty kings. [ . . . ] And it came to pass on the third day, when the…
Contributor:
Elijah Capsali
Places:
Candia, Republic of Venice (Heraklion, Greece)
Date:
ca. 1523
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This siddur from Greece contains the prayers of the Romaniote (Greek-speaking Jewish) community of the eastern Mediterranean. It is open at a piyyut (liturgical poem) called “God’s Beloved Daughter,”…
Contributor:
Joseph ben Ḥayim de Vitali
Places:
Ottoman Empire (Aitoloakarnania, Greece)
Date:
1528
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[ . . . ] The Portuguese king, eager to find some logical excuse to vex me, called for an investigation to see if the number…
Contributor:
Samuel Usque
Places:
Ferrara, Duchy of Ferrara (Ferrara, Italy)
Date:
1553