The scholarly and scientific ethos permeated Jewish intellectual life in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and resulted in contributions obscure and renowned. The foundations of the astonishing breakthroughs of Jews in the sciences in the twentieth century were laid in this period.
Given the socioeconomic life-conditions that obtain in the capitalist countries, the Jewish national group [folk-grupe]—as a people without its own national economy—will inevitably always feel a sharp…
Mourning activities, Thebes, Egypt, ca. 1380 BCE. Sitting on the ground and putting dust on the head are expressions of mourning, as in this mural showing a widow with the mummy of her husband…
Camille Pissarro painted landscapes that, unusually for the time, included industrial elements, like this sugar-beet factory near Pissarro’s home in Pontoise. Like other impressionist paintings, this…