Early Synagogue Inscriptions

The Theodotos inscription was found in a cistern in the City of David (Jerusalem), south of the Temple Mount; most scholars date it on linguistic grounds to the late first century BCE or the early first century CE. It mentions a certain Theodotos, priest and founder of a synagogue in Jerusalem, who bears the title archisynagōgos, “ruler of the synagogue” (see Synagogue Leadership). The inscription sheds light on activities associated with synagogue buildings, which included the reading of the Torah and the teaching of the commandments, among other services, such as providing water facilities and accommodations. Notably, the inscription says nothing about prayer. It is possible that Theodotos’ family originated in the diaspora and that the synagogue was primarily intended for use by diaspora Jews who came to Jerusalem on pilgrimage.

Another Greek inscription, found in Acmonia, in Asia Minor, is notable for attributing the erection of the synagogue to a woman, Julia Severa. The restoration of the synagogue is attributed to several individuals who bear the titles archisynagōgos (ruler of the synagogue), archisynagōgos dia biou (ruler of the synagogue for life), and archon (ruler). On the title archisynagōgos, see Synagogue Leadership.