The 1964 Civil Rights Act and Title VI’s Jewish Dilemma

U.S. Congress

1964

An Act

To enforce the constitutional right to vote, to confer jurisdiction upon the district courts of the United States to provide injunctive relief against discrimination in public accommodations, to authorize the Attorney General to institute suits to protect constitutional rights in public facilities and public education, to extend the…

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In 1964, Congress passed civil rights laws that rivaled—and mirrored—the sweeping amendments ratified after the Civil War. Although revolutionary, the legislation reflected many decades of legal advocacy and grassroots mobilization. It also bore the imprint of intense debates about how to balance individual equal protection with categorical protections based on group differences. Title VI of the law bound institutions, such as schools and universities, that received federal funding not to discriminate on the basis of race, color, and national origin. Notably, unlike other statutes in the law, Title VI did not include protections against religious discrimination, an omission that left Jews in an ambiguous position under the law.