Lamp with Menorah, Sumaqa

4th–9th Century

Ancient oil lamp with a decorative border and a central menorah design, with two holes flanking the menorah and a larger hole at the spout.
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Accounts of the Origin of Hanukkah

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Ancient Jewish Festivals

4th Century BCE–6th Century CE

The Israelite annual festivals originated as agricultural celebrations marking seasonal cycles. Over time, these observances were mythologized into a nation-forming narrative centered on the Exodus from Egypt and the revelation of the Torah at Mount Sinai.

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Jewish Daily Life in Roman-Era Palestine

1st Century BCE–6th Century CE

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The Establishment of Hanukkah

1 Maccabees 4:36–59|2 Maccabees 1–10 (selections)

Then Judah [Maccabee] and his brothers said, “See, our enemies are crushed; let us go up to cleanse the sanctuary and dedicate it.” So all the army assembled and went up to…
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A clay oil lamp with a wide, rounded body and a pointed spout, showing surface wear and some discoloration.
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Folded Oil Lamp

This type of lamp is often called a Hasmonean lamp because of its popularity in the Hasmonean period. The pinched rim ensured a steady, controlled supply of oil to the wick.
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The Talmud on Observance of Hanukkah

b. Shabbat 21b

The sages taught [in a baraita]: The [basic] mitzvah of Hanukkah [is each day to have] a light [kindled by] a person, [the head of the household, for himself] and his household. And the mehadrin, [i.e…
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