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Lot (puru), Assyria
Iron Age II, 9th Century BCE
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Instead of their seals, they placed their fingernails.
Fingernail of Zakuri, fingernail of Dukur-ili, owners of the man being sold.
Mannu-ki-Arba’il, son of Ahiyau—Bahianu contracted from Zakuri and…
Laws of Hammurabi on Babylonian Stela, eighteenth century BCE. The stela was originally placed in the temple of the god Marduk in the city of Babylon. Inset shows part of the prologue.
The book of Esther is chanted aloud from a scroll (megillah) on the holiday of Purim. This example from the Netherlands is lavishly decorated, with the Hebrew text framed by arcades between which are…