Philo on the Showbread
But on each seventh day loaves are exposed on the holy table equal in number to the months of the year in two layers of six each, each layer corresponding to the equinoxes. For there are two equinoxes in each year, in spring and autumn, with intervals, the sum of which is six months. For this reason * * * At the spring equinox all the seed crops…
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The Mishnah on the Showbread
m. MenaḤot 11:5–9
5. The table was ten [handbreadths] in length and five [handbreadths] in width. The showbread was ten [handbreadths] in length and five [handbreadths] in width. [The priest] would place the length [of…
The Half Shekel as Ransom for the Soul
Who Is the Heir of Divine Things 186
And was not the consecrated didrachmon portioned out on the same principle? We are meant to consecrate one half of it, the drachma, and pay it as ransom for our own soul (Ex. xxx. 12, 13), which God…
Philo on the Jews’ Permission to Collect the Temple Tax
On the Embassy to Gaius 314–316
But there is one letter which I subjoin here to convince you, my lord and master, sent by Gaius Norbanus Flaccus declaring what Caesar had written to him. Here is a transcript of this letter. ‘Gaius…
Josephus on the Jews’ Permission to Collect the Temple Tax
Jewish Antiquities 16.166–171; 18.312–313
“Caesar to Norbanus Flaccus, greetings. As for those Jews, however many there may be, who have been accustomed, according to their…
The Temple Tax Redirected as a New Punitive Roman Tax on the Jews
The Jewish War 7.218
He also imposed a tax on all Jews, wherever they lived, requiring them to pay two drachmas a head each year into the Capitol, the same contribution they had previously made to the temple at Jerusalem…
The Mishnah on Collecting the Temple Tax
m. Shekalim 1:1, 3; 3:3–4
1:1. On the first of Adar, they announce the [upcoming collection of] shekels and [removal of] unlawful mixtures [of produce]. [ . . . ]
3. On the fifteenth of [Adar…