The Qumran Community as Temple
Column 8
4[ . . . ] When these things exist in Israel 5the Community council shall be founded on truth, to be an everlasting plantation, a holy house for Israel and the foundation of the holy of 6holies for Aaron, true witnesses for the judgment and chosen by the will (of God) to atone for the land…
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The Temple as Sacred Space
m. Kelim 1:8–9
8. Within the wall [of Jerusalem] was holier [than outside the wall], for they would eat the lesser holy offerings and the produce of the second tithe there. The Temple Mount was holier than [within…
The Altar as Source of Life
m. Middot 3:4
Both the stones of the altar ramp and the stones of the altar were from the valley of Beth Kerem. They dug from the virgin ground below and brought whole stones [to the Temple] over which no iron had…
The Universe as a Temple
On the Special Laws 1.66–67
The highest, and in the truest sense the holy, temple of God is, as we must believe, the whole universe, having for its sanctuary the most sacred part of all existence, even heaven, for its votive…
Philo on the Symbolism of the Tabernacle
On the Life of Moses 2.102–124 (selections)
The candlestick he placed at the south, figuring thereby the movements of the luminaries above; for the sun and the moon and the others run their courses in the south far away from the north…
Josephus on the Symbolism of the Tabernacle
Jewish Antiquities 3.179–187
Now some might wonder at the hatred people have for us, which they profess to show on account of our despising the deity whom they themselves profess to honor. For if anyone observes the construction…
Josephus on the Symbolism of the Temple
The Jewish War 5.212–214, 217–218
In front of these doors hung a curtain of equal length, a Babylonian tapestry worked in blue, linen-white, scarlet, and purple. This was a wonderful piece of artistry, but the combination of colours…