Sarah of Ecbatana

Uniquely in the Apocrypha, the book of Tobit describes the experiences of Jews who lived in Assyria and Persia, identified in the story as descendants of the tribe of Naftali. Fragments of the likely original Aramaic version of the text were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls. The work is thought to have been composed between the third and first centuries BCE, and it highlights appropriate marriage in addition to the religious rituals of the time, including tithing, pilgrimage to Jerusalem, obedience to the commandments, charity, paying workers on time, and respect for family lineage. The work is replete with extensive personal petitionary prayer (see “Tobit’s Hymn of Thanksgiving” in Personal Hymns).

When the text introduces Sarah of Ecbatana in Media, she has already lost seven husbands to the murderous demon Asmodeus and despairs of ever having children. (Asmodeus, also known as Ashmodai, is the king of demons across rabbinic and medieval literature. See “Solomon and the Demons.”) Her prayers are answered when the healing angel Raphael appears disguised as Azariah to help her and her relative, Tobit, whose only child, Tobias, she is predestined to marry. Acting as matchmaker, Raphael coordinates the marriage and instructs Tobias on how to avoid the fate of Sarah’s first seven husbands. In the style of fairy tales, everyone lives happily ever after.

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Uniquely in the Apocrypha, the book of Tobit describes the experiences of Jews who lived in Assyria and Persia, identified in the story as descendants of the tribe of Naftali. Fragments of the likely original Aramaic version of the text were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls. The work is thought to have been composed between the third and first centuries BCE, and it highlights appropriate marriage in addition to the religious rituals of the time, including tithing, pilgrimage to Jerusalem, obedience to the commandments, charity, paying workers on time, and respect for family lineage. The work is replete with extensive personal petitionary prayer (see “Tobit’s Hymn of Thanksgiving” in Personal Hymns).

When the text introduces Sarah of Ecbatana in Media, she has already lost seven husbands to the murderous demon Asmodeus and despairs of ever having children. (Asmodeus, also known as Ashmodai, is the king of demons across rabbinic and medieval literature. See “Solomon and the Demons.”) Her prayers are answered when the healing angel Raphael appears disguised as Azariah to help her and her relative, Tobit, whose only child, Tobias, she is predestined to marry. Acting as matchmaker, Raphael coordinates the marriage and instructs Tobias on how to avoid the fate of Sarah’s first seven husbands. In the style of fairy tales, everyone lives happily ever after.

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