Settlement of a Claim
420 BCE
In the month of Elul, that is Payni, year four of Darius the king, then in Elephantine the fortress, Menahem and Ananiah, two sons of Meshullam son of Shelomam, Jews of Elephantine the fortress of the detachment of Iddinnabu, said to Jedaniah and Mahseiah, two sons of Eshor son of Djeho from Mibtahiah daughter of Mahseiah, Jews of the same…
Two brothers sued two other brothers over items that the grandfather of the first pair had deposited with the father of the second pair, who had never returned them. The defendants were interrogated and satisfied the claimants, presumably by returning or paying for the items. In this document, the plaintiffs acknowledge that they have been satisfied and relinquish any further claim in the matter. This document is from 420 BCE. Although the circumstances are different, the case is reminiscent of the biblical law concerning unreturned deposits in Exodus 22:6–8.
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The Ancient Near Eastern Background of Biblical Law
Biblical law was influenced by the legal collections of its powerful neighbors, especially the Babylonians and Assyrians.
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Legal Materials from outside the Torah
The Hebrew Bible includes laws and references to laws in narrative contexts outside of the main legal collections of the Torah.
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The Jews of Elephantine in Their Own Words
Documents from Jews serving in a Persian military garrison in Elephantine, Egypt, provide details of life and worship in the fifth century BCE.
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