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From the pioneer “intelligentsia” who lived in Vilna at the time, we must note Iulii Tsederbaum-Martov (people called him “Aleksey with the limp”), Arkadii Kremer (Aleksandr), Pati Srednitskaia (she…
An agent of the kahal who is charged with monitoring Jewish cases in the police and in giving gifts to officials is a Jewish middleman.
Jews utilize the art of the middleman not only in trade…
These ordinances have been decreed by us on Thursday, the twenty-first of Tammuz, corresponding to the twenty-first of June, of the year 5314 (1554) here at Ferrara.
- Printers shall not be permitted to…
Slaughterers and examiners of the meat must be God-fearing individuals who will examine the knife very thoroughly. In any event, trusted men should be appointed to examine the slaughtering knife…
Every householder is required to have his son taught in school at least until he is twelve years old. He must take care of him and pay his tuition as much as he can afford. If he is unable to pay, he…
We the undersigned have taken it upon ourselves to be in one society, to serve the Lord, may He be blessed, and to busy ourselves with His Torah day and night, in accordance with that which our…
Co-incident with the founding of relief associations was the establishment of the Jewish orders, among which the first was the B’ne B’rith, chiefly for…
These are the things that have no set limit [m. Peah 1:1] for the benefactors of the nation, friends and nobles, young and old, and righteous women, who have come together in the gemilut ḥasadim…
With the help of the Almighty; this is a true copy of the original.
We, the undersigned, hereby confirm that the guild of kayīkjis [caique-owners; boatmen] of Ortaköy have undertaken the obligation to…
1. When the leaders of the people assembled together, the heads of the holy community of Ludmir (Włodzimierz), in conjunction with all…