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Arrian on Alexander's Conquest of the Levant

Arrian

Anabasis of Alexander 2.15–27 (selections)

ca. 117–138

Source

Rufus on Alexander’s Conquest of the Levant

Quintus Curtius Rufus

History of Alexander 4.4.3–14

ca. 40–49

Ancient stone ruins atop a mountain, with multiple walls and chambers visible, overlooking a mountainous landscape under a clear sky.

Source

Josephus on the Samaritans in Limbo

Josephus

Jewish Antiquities 11.340–347

93–94

Source

Rufus Recounts Alexander’s Revenge

Quintus Curtius Rufus

History of Alexander 4.8.9–11

ca. 40–49

Page of papyrus with lines of Greek text. The left side is cut off.

Source

A Letter to Apollonius from Toubias

Toubias

Letter from Toubias to Apollonius the Dioiketes

257 BCE

Source

The Rise of Joseph Son of Tobias

Josephus

Jewish Antiquities 12.154–174

93–94

Source

Josephus Recounts the Seleucid Conquest

Josephus

Jewish Antiquities 12.129–137

93–94

A weathered, roughly rectangular stone slab with ancient Greek inscriptions carved into its surface. Several parts are chipped, cracked, and uneven, with some repairs visible.

Source

Hefzibah Inscription

190s BCE

Source

Seleucus Tries to Confiscate the Temple Treasure

2 Maccabees 3:13–40

Late 2nd Century BCE

An ancient stone stela with faded, inscribed text in Greek, topped by a flower-like carving and featuring a pointed, decorated top. The stone shows visible cracks and repairs.

Source

The Heliodoros Stela

178 BCE

Source

Antiochus IV Enters Jerusalem

Josephus

Jewish Antiquities 12.237–256

93–94

Source

Rival High Priests Leave Jerusalem Vulnerable

2 Maccabees 5:11–6:16

Late 2nd Century BCE