Refugees
1936–1946
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Related Guide
Visual and Material Culture in the Mid-Twentieth Century
1939–1973
Jewish visual art flourished and diversified in the postwar period, reflecting the social and political transformations taking place in the world.
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Self-Portrait in Graham Hollywood Car
In 1940, Man Ray fled France to escape the Nazi occupation and temporarily settled in Los Angeles. There he established a studio and made a living by his photography (in Paris, he had worked as a…
Carriage Driver (Self-Portrait), Drohobycz
When Drohobycz (present-day Ukraine) was occupied by the Nazis, Bruno Schulz was initially spared the fate of other Jews in his hometown. Because of his fame as a writer and artist, he was kept alive…
Gouache from Leben? Oder Theater?: Ein Singspiel (Life? or Theater? An Operetta), #4351
To ward off depression while living as a refugee in France, Charlotte Salomon began telling the story of her life in the form of a drama, in hundreds of gouache paintings. This painting depicts her…
Kerch, Crimea (Grief)
When Dmitri Baltermants took this picture in January 1942, he and the other Soviet photographers who were accompanying liberating troops did not at first understand what they were seeing. Were these…
Casablanca, Poster for the Film
Bill Gold designed more than one poster for Casablanca, including one featuring Humphrey Bogart wielding a gun. Over his seventy-year career, he designed thousands of movie posters, tailoring the…
Leave Taking before Deportation
In January 1942, the Nazis began the large-scale deportations of Jews and Roma from the Łódź Ghetto to the Chełmno killing center, where, by the end of that September, they had murdered about 70,000…