Guide
Economics, Labor, and Charity in Ancient Judaism
4th Century BCE–6th Century CE
By Carol Bakhos
Related Primary Sources
Primary Source
Physical Labor Is Divine
Do not hate hard labor or farm work, which was created by the Most High.
Translation from the New Revised Standard Version.
Primary Source
Wisdom versus Labor
How can one become wise who handles the plow,
and who glories in the shaft of a goad,
who drives oxen and is occupied with…
Primary Source
Torah with Work Is Best
R. Gamaliel the son of R. Judah the Prince said: Excellent is the study of Torah when combined with a worldly occupation, for toil in them both keeps sin out of one’s mind. But [study of] Torah that…
Primary Source
Torah Study with or without Work
The sages taught: What [is the meaning of that which] the verse states: And you shall gather your grain? Because it is stated: This Torah shall not depart from your mouths, [and you shall contemplate…
Primary Source
Labor Is Honorable
When R. Judah would go to the study hall he would carry a pitcher on his shoulder [to sit on], saying, “Labor is great, as it brings honor to the laborer [who…
Primary Source
Basalt Olive Press, Capernaum
This press consists of a basin and a large wheel that was rolled over the olives. Olive oil was used as food, as fuel for lamps, and in soapmaking, as well as in religious ceremonies. This type of…