Account of a Raid on Aden

This year, at the beginning of seafaring time, the son of al-‘Amīd, the ruler of Kīs, sent an expedition against Aden. He had demanded part of Aden, which was refused, whereupon he sent this expedition. His fleet consisted of two burmas,1 three shaffāras,2 and ten jāshujiyyas,3 altogether manned with about 700 men. They anchored in the harbor of…

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In this excerpt from a business letter written to the Tunisian merchant and bronze-ware manufacturer Abraham Ben Yijū (b. ca. 1100), then living in India, Maḍmūn ibn al-Ḥasan tells of a harrowing expedition in Aden, Yemen. Parts of three separate copies of the letter have been found in the Cairo Geniza: the original, written by Maḍmūn himself, and two clean copies done by his clerk. Rāmisht (d. 1140), mentioned here, was an important merchant and ship’s captain (nākhudā). His epitaph is preserved in Mecca.

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