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Frayed vertical parchment mainly filled with Arabic script, with smaller denser Hebrew (Ladino) script in the margins, consisting of two columns of words in the right column and a paragraph at the bottom.

Guide

Jewish Communal Organization in the Early Medieval Muslim World

7th to 13th Century

Manuscript page with nine lines of handwritten Arabic with red vowel markings, faint text between, and an ornate gold, red, and green floral decoration on the seventh line.

Guide

The Geonim of Babylonia and the Rabbinic Legacy

7th to 12th Century

Worn manuscript page with Arabic writing.

Guide

Who Were the Medieval Karaite Jews?

7th to 12th Century

Illustration of five people in colorful robes and gold turbans sitting under trees, playing instruments and holding drinks, with Arabic lettering above.

Guide

Cultural Achievements in the Early Medieval Islamic World

7th to 12th Century

Guide

The Jews of Southern Europe and Byzantium in the Early Medieval Period

7th to 12th Century

Photo of a stone capital featuring a relief of an eagle.

Guide

A Look Ahead to the Late Medieval Period

12th Century

Photo of a weathered stone plaque with Hebrew inscriptions set into a rough brick wall.

Guide

The Jews of Northern Europe in the Early Medieval Period

7th to 12th Century

Facing pages of illuminated manuscript with columns of text in Hebrew, Latin, and Greek.

Guide

Challenges to the Jewish Community in the Early Medieval World

7th to 12th Century

Source

Sabbath Candle Lighting and the Revelation of Divine Light Within

Judah Leib Alter | Eitan Fishbane

1888

Manuscript page with 3 rows of illustrations of parts of buildings with Hebrew text above.

Source

The Flow of Holiness and the Activation of Divine Blessing: Naḥmanides on Creation and the Sabbath

Moses Naḥmanides

Second Half of the 13th Century

Contributor

Unknown scribe

Contributor

Raymond P. Scheindlin

b. 1940