The 248 Limbs of the (Male) Body

Hebrew

There are 248 limbs in the body. Thirty in the foot—six in each toe, ten in the ankle, two in the shin, five in the knee, one in the thigh, three in the hip. [There are] eleven ribs, thirty [limbs] in the palm—six in each finger, two in the forearm, two in the elbow, one in the upper arm, and four in the shoulder. One hundred and one of this [side of the body], and one hundred and one of that [side]. And [in the center of the body we find] eighteen vertebrae in the spine, nine [limbs] in the head, eight in the neck, six in the openings of the heart, and five in its reproductive organs [lit., cavities]. Each of these conveys [ritual] impurity through touching, carrying, or sharing quarters. When is this true? When the limbs still have an appropriate amount of flesh on them. If, however, they do not have an appropriate amount of flesh on them, they will render impure through touching and through carrying, but not through sharing quarters.

Translated by Markham J. Geller and Lennart Lehmhaus.

Credits

m. Ohalot 1:8, trans. Markham J. Geller and Lennart Lehmhaus, publication forthcoming. Copyright Markham J. Geller and Lennart Lehmhaus. Used with permission of the translators.

Published in: The Posen Library of Jewish Culture and Civilization, vol. 2: Emerging Judaism.

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Although the rabbis were interested in human physiology, opportunities to study human anatomy were extremely limited for most of antiquity because of nearly universal taboos against autopsy and dissection, including vivisection of animals. As a result, rabbis and non-Jewish contemporaries shared a vague concept of internal human anatomy that often became the object of analogical reasoning or imagery inspired by broader cultural or exegetical ideas.

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