The Book of Elements
Chapter 2
[ . . . ] One who is ruled by the animal soul will be ignorant, confused, daring, arrogant, eager to kill and to avenge himself, shedding blood, and sexually unrestricted. His character resembles that of beasts. One who is ruled by the appetitive, i.e., vegetative, soul will be stupid, dull, lacking in understanding, bent upon appetites…
The Arabic philosophical work The Book of Elements (Kitāb al-usṭuquṣṣāt) provides the best account of al-Isrā’īlī’s approach to physics. In it, al-Isrā’īlī refutes atomistic theories and analyzes Greek ideas about the fundamental elements in the created world. The work survives only in translation—one into Latin by Gerard of Cremona (ca. 1114–1187) and two into Hebrew, one by David Kimḥi (1160–1235) and the other perhaps by Moses Ibn Tibbon (fl. 1240–1283). The excerpt here is drawn from a lengthy treatment of the nature of philosophical and prophetic discourse. Al-Isrā’īlī uses the classic theories of the soul to discuss the character traits that a person should embody. This leads him to discuss how divine revelation pertains to different types of people, and he presents ideas about how God might educate humanity.
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