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In Jewish tradition, the command to “bind them [God’s words] as a sign on your hand and let them serve as a symbol on your forehead” is understood as requiring passages from the Torah to be written on…
Places:
Qumran, Land of Israel (Khirbat Qumrān, Israel)
Date:
Second Temple Period
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Judicial flogging in Egyptian painting, Beni Hasan, Egypt, Twelfth Dynasty (1938–1759 BCE). A culprit is held down by three men as the court overseer watches. Biblical law included provisions for…
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Middle Kingdom (Egypt), 20th–18th Century BCE
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This ketubah was written for the wedding of Isaac Senior Teixeira (1631–1705) and Rachel Senior de Mattos. The wealthy Teixeira family (also known as Teixeira de Mattos or Teixeira de Sampayo), was…
Contributor:
Unknown
Places:
Hamburg, Holy Roman Empire (Hamburg, Germany)
Date:
1648
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This ketubah (marriage contract) from Damascus, signed on the 21st of Shevat 5466, or February 5, 1706, features a text set within an arch, and flanked on both sides and above with green and orange…
Contributor:
Artist Unknown
Places:
Damascus, Ottoman Empire (Damascus, Syria)
Date:
1706
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While ketubot (marriage contracts) are usually written in Aramaic, Karaite ketubot are written in Hebrew. They are often pentagonal in shape, most often with a pointed bottom. This example has a…
Contributor:
Artist Unknown
Places:
Chufut-Kale, Russian Empire (Hora Chufutkale, Ukraine)
Date:
1719
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Laws of Hammurabi on Babylonian Stela, eighteenth century BCE. The stela was originally placed in the temple of the god Marduk in the city of Babylon. Inset shows part of the prologue.
Date:
Bronze Age, 18th Century BCE
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Vassal Treaty of Esarhaddon, King of Assyria (reigned 681–669 BCE). This copy of the treaty was found in the inner sanctum of the Assyrian temple in Tell Tayinat (in southeastern Turkey), where it was…
Date:
Iron Age IIC, 7th Century BCE
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If, however, there is a needy person among you, one of your kinsmen in any of your settlements in the land that the Lord your God is giving you, do not harden your heart and shut your hand against…
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Date:
Biblical Period
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Papyrus, rolled, folded, and sealed, Elephantine, Egypt, 5th century BCE. See also Papyrus, Rolled and Sealed. The Elephantine papyri provide historical documentation about the members of a Jewish…
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Persian Period, 5th Century BCE
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This is the marriage contract (ketubah) that Isaac, the son of Aaron Sasportas, gave to Rebecca, the daughter of Abraham Pinto. A floral decoration stemming from a vase at the bottom of the contract…
Contributor:
Artist Unknown
Places:
Bordeaux, Kingdom of France (Bordeaux, France)
Date:
1747