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Antiochus IV Enters Jerusalem

Josephus

Jewish Antiquities 12.237–256

93–94

A broken, round stone with ancient script carved into its rough surface, featuring two visible lines of inscriptions, against a black background.

Guide

Early Translations of the Torah

2nd Century BCE–6th Century CE

Guide

Transmission and Reception of the Oral Torah

1st–6th Centuries

Ancient stone ruins with columns and arches under a blue sky. A central doorway and niche are visible, with sunlight casting shadows on the stone floor. Vegetation can be seen through the open doorway.

Guide

Ancient Rabbinic Texts about the Two Torahs: Oral and Written

3rd–6th Centuries

Source

R. Safra and the Minim

b. Avodah Zarah 4a

220–600

Source

The Mishnah on the Barley Offering

m. Menaḥot 10:2, 4–5

70–220

Mosaic with three registers, arranged vertically. In the center register is a depiction of a person with a halo surrounded by the zodiac. In the top register is a Torah shrine flanked by two menorahs, surrounded by ritual objects. In the bottom register is a grid with Greek inscriptions, flanked by lions.

Guide

Ancient Rabbinic Constructions of the Past

2nd–6th Centuries

Worn manuscript page with handwritten Hebrew, including several lines running up the left margin, and a small curly drawing within the text.

Source

Guide of the Perplexed: On Knowing God

Moses Maimonides

Guide of the Perplexed III:51 (selections)

ca. 1190

Source

Foundation of Reverence and Secret of Torah: Introduction and Chapter One

Abraham Ibn Ezra

Yesod mora ve-sod Torah, Introduction, Chapter 1

1158

Paper with Hebrew writing and decorative doodles on corners of text.

Source

Kedushat Yom Tov (The Sanctity of Yom Tov)

Yom Tov ben Israel Jacob Algazi

ca. 1800

Worn manuscript page with Arabic writing.

Source

Commentary: On Deuteronomy

Yefet ben Eli al-Baṣrī

Commentary on Deuteronomy 33:4.

Mid- to Late 10th Century

Source

Commentary: On the Pentateuch

Ovadiah Sforno

Before 1550